The Cold War Summarized Essay - 1619 Words

The period of tension between the worlds two superpowers following the Second World War is known as the Cold War. This period was full of tension and fear that the United States and the USSR would destroy each other and the world with their arsenals of atomic weapons. The seeds of this rivalry were planted nearly a quarter of a century before its actual commencement with the Revolution of 1918 in Russia. The Cold War Rivalry would manifest itself in everything from sports in Olympic competition to science and the Space Race. The Cold War did not only take place in the political, athletic and science realms but also heated up in wars and deputes all over the world from Europe, East Asia and the Middle East to South America and off the†¦show more content†¦with the exception of President Harry Truman officially not recognizing the USSR as a nation. This odd peace of not paying much attention to each other continued until the entry of the U.S. into world war two. World War Two changed Americas isolationist policies and forced America to pay attention to the USSR as they were now allies in a war against a tyrannical despot in Germany. The new alliance created a tension between the US and the USSR as the knowledge that they would be the two new superpowers fallowing the war was ever present. The event that ensured that the Cold War would take place were the talks between the allies to decide what would happen fallowing the war. The distribution of controlled territory was the main topic and the final piece to make the rivalry possible. The USSR would control the eastern part of Europe, including the eastern part of Germany and its capital Berlin. This would prove to be an arena for showdowns between the two superpowers all the way until the end of the Cold War. The Cold war would play a large role the policies of the soviet leaders throughout the period. The policies began with Joseph Stalin and his expansionist policies. Stalin consistently fought to expan d the influence of the USSR, staying true to the doctrine of spreading socialism throughout the world. These policies first came to light during the talks with the other ally leaders when he demanded that theShow MoreRelatedPol 300 Assignment 1: the Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy638 Words   |  3 PagesPOL 300 Assignment 1: The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/pol-300-assignment-1-the-cold-war-and-u-s-diplomacy/ Assignment 1: The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Due Week 5 and worth 135 points Select a president from the table, â€Å"Presidents and Their ‘Doctrines,’† in Roskin, Chapter 4. Then write a 3-5 page paper on the doctrine that president used according to Roskin. Your research must include at least four (4) credible sources, apart from your textbookRead MoreWas Cold War a ‘War’?900 Words   |  4 PagesWas Cold War a ‘War’? by Vethanee Techasooksant Cold War is an academic warfare that driven by a psychological and economic contention between The United States of American and USSR (The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) or Russia that there relationship had immediately reversed during 1940s-1990s. It is a war that carries on without any intensely move or fighting in the battlefield. The question is asking for is it was really a ‘War’ or it was a war just by the name that has given. This reportRead MoreJohn Lewis Gaddis s The Cold War1414 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Lewis Gaddis, is a leading American Historian of the Cold War. He is the Professor of history at Yale University. He is already the author of six books on the same subject. The Cold War: A New History, however, has been written on a less cosmic level. He has distilled a life time of research into this short but comprehensive book. He has given new avenues to old controversies in worldly and stylish, yet direct and plain-spoken manner. The book offers a lot of summaries to intricate historicalRead MoreThe Leadership And Legacy Of Mikhail Gorbachev977 Words   |  4 Pageswith a great legacy because his actions helped bring about the end of Soviet communism, the Cold War, and the nuclear arms race. Even before he was president, as General Secretary of the Communist Party, Gorbachev began seeking political and economic reform in the Soviet Union. He understood that the existing Soviet system was no longer sustainable. The government’s huge spending on the military and the war in Afghanistan left too little money for the rest of the economy. (Rush 1) Then, the priceRead MoreCritique of the Movie Tinker Tailor Solider Spy850 Words   |  3 Pagescinema. For this reason, and because of the momentum the film has garnered following the leading actors nomination for an Academy Award, many have taken to commenting on Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy. One such article is presented below and will be both summarized and discussed in order to see just how the critic world sees this film, and for what reason. Article Summary The article mentioned above is entitled Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy is No Easy Watch and is written by Chris Krapek for the HuffingtonRead MoreThe Race that Transformed America1018 Words   |  5 Pages The Cold War was a period where there was a lot of tension between the U.S. and Russia, with both sides harboring feelings of suspicion and even disgust for the other. However, terrible Russian-American relations and the possible catastrophic destruction of nuclear war was not the only thing the Cold War promoted. One of the effects of the Cold War was fierce competition in a lot of areas, such as maintaining influence in third world countries and, of course, the Space Race. As a resultRead MoreThe United States As A Foreign Power During The 19th Century1292 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica strengthened their foreign presence during the late 19th century. In 1914 President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms speech summarized the future of American global involvement as a whole. By defining freedom as â€Å"the supremacy of human rights everywhere† (Roosevelt 22) the framework of an American global presence was established. During World War II the growing tensions and oppression of human rights became a heavy reason for involvement abroad and by allying with Great Britain to implementRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cold War : A New History By John Lewis Gaddis2049 Words   |  9 PagesThe Cold War: A New History by John Lewis Gaddis The Cold War: A New History written by John Lewis Gaddis (a professor at Yale University who wrote other books such as The United States and the Origins of the Cold War and Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security) delivers a summarized, yet skewed interpretation of what had happened during the era known as the Cold War. Throughout the book, the author attempts to provide history of the Cold War, whileRead MoreThe Global Level Of Openness Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice as per Gatlung’s positive peace theory. These findings continue to highlight the need to understand the risks of occurrence violent conflict, as well as the early warning signs of onset in order to address the underlying issues before civil wars erupt and degenerate into regional armed conflicts; thus affecting global security. Although G-8 nations and multiple international organizations (such as the United Nations, Organization for Security and Co-opera tion in Europe, African Union, SouthernRead MoreThe United Nations Operation Of The Congo1388 Words   |  6 Pagesis best summarized by Walter Dorn as, â€Å"the largest, most complex, and most expensive UN peacekeeping mission during the Cold War† (â€Å"The UN’s First ‘Air Force’†). The ONUC was established on July 14, 1960 and ended in June 1964. The initial mandate by the Security Council called for â€Å"the withdrawal of Belgian forces from the Republic of the Congo,† however, quickly became the first peacemaking operation to use â€Å"all necessary measures† (â€Å"ONUC†). Decolonization and the height of the Cold War added to

Chartered Accountant Free Essays

Chartered accountants are responsible for preparing or reporting on financial statements for presentation to the public. Chartered accountants act as consultants on financial matters, taxation, accounting and computer systems, estate planning and management reporting and procedures. They accept appointments such as executors, liquidators, trustees or curators. We will write a custom essay sample on Chartered Accountant or any similar topic only for you Order Now What am I going to do in this occupation? Accounting The primary responsibility of chartered accountants in practice, is to report on the financial statements of clients, to the clients’ shareholders as required by its constitution or through legislation.In order to compile reports, chartered accountants examine the books and records of the client, considering the adequacy of the controls over the safe-keeping of the client’s assets, as well as the fairness of the financial statements prepared by the client for presentation to its shareholders or the public. Planning and management Chartered accountants compile reports on aspects of management, for use by the client in improving the management of the company.They investigate the accounting methods adopted by clients and make recommendations for the improvement thereof. Auditing Chartered accountants investigate the financial reports of the company and then report on it. Computerisation They also assist in the installation of computerised systems and the development of programmes, the planning of financial models and the giving of advice regarding hard-and software purchases. Taxation Chartered accountants are tax specialists and they give advice on determining of and the legal manner of saving tax.Legal matters It is important that chartered accountants are well versed in mercantile and company law and are therefore able to handle the legal aspects of contracts, estate planning, and are able to accept appointments such as trustees in insolvent estates, liquidators of insolvent companies or curators where people are unable to administer their own affairs. Financial management Chartered accountants who choose to specialise in a career in commerce and industry normally advance to positions in top management, such as financial directors. In this position accountants are responsible for control over the funds and assets of the company or institution, the preparation of financial or management reports to top management and the interpretation thereof in order to increase efficiency and profitability. Requirements What kind of personality do I need? To be successful, qualities such as integrity, intelligence, good judgement, a strong analytical predisposition and determination are needed. It is also necessary to be able to work and convey recommendations both clearly and accurately. What kind of school training do I need?A Senior Certificate (matric exemption) with Mathematics as a major subject is essential in order to study further in this field. Compulsory school subjects: Mathematics. Recommended school subjects: Accounting, Economics, Business Economics. What further training do I need? Until recently persons wishing to qualify as chartered accountants could only obtain their practical/business training with a firm of approved registered accountants and auditors in public practice (TIPP). This training is now, however, also available in approved training organisations outside of public practice (TOPP).The training outside of public practice will be of the same standard as that offered by a practising firm. The working environment and the practical experience, will however, be different. The following routes are available in training as a chartered accountant: †¢ Enrol for a three-year B. Com. (Acc. ) degree or equivalent at an approved tertiary institution, then, register for a one-year CTA (Certificate of Theory and Accountancy) or equivalent at an approved tertiary institution, then, enter into a three-year training contract either with an auditing firm or an pproved training organisation in commerce and industry. †¢ Enrol for a three-year full-time B. Com. (Acc. ) degree or equivalent at an approved tertiary institution, then, register for a two-year post graduate part-time CTA or equivalent at an approved tertiary institution, then, enter into a three-year training contract either with an auditing firm or an approved training organisation in commerce and industry. †¢ Enrol for a B. Com. (Acc. degree or equivalent at an approved tertiary institution and enter into a five-year training contract with an auditing firm or an approved training organisation in commerce and industry, then, register for a CTA or equivalent at an approved tertiary institution. After following any one of the above-mentioned routes, the following needs to be done: †¢ Write part 1 of the Qualifying Examination (QE) after completing the CTA or equivalent and after entering into a training contract. †¢ Write part 2 of the Qualifying Examination (QE) after completing 18 months of training. In addition to the practical training, one would be required to complete approximately 6 months of part-time study in order to specialise either in Auditing or Financial Management, prior to writing part 2 of the Qualifying Examination). †¢ Register with the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants as a chartered accountant (CA). Where can I work? Chartered accountants work in registered firms o r with practising chartered accountants. When qualified they may wish to remain with the firms where articles were served and look forward to eventual partnerships. They work in commerce and industry and in the academic world as lecturers. Can I work for myself in this occupation? Chartered accountants may start private practices in which case broad experience is required to take care of the needs of a wide range of clients, or they may enter into partnerships with other chartered accountants. They may also start businesses in the commercial and industrial arena. †¢ BENEFITS †¢ Fantastic professional development and travel opportunities †¢ An internationally recognised professional designation †¢ Membership of he  Global Accounting Alliance †¢ Being part of an elite professional network †¢ Lifelong support ; development opportunities from the Institute †¢ The status membership of Australia’s most respected professional accountancy body – the Institute †¢ Possessing the only Australian accounting qualification accredited by higher education providers and allows for exemption in over 60 maste r degrees. Download  the list of available CA Plus pathway options by university †¢ Earning good money †¢ Enjoying a secure role with an exciting career path.Chartered Accountant uses the designation CA(SA) and is regulated by the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants Following the route offered by Stellenbosch, a student have to register for the BAcc degree (3 years), and then either do the HonsBAcc degree (1 year) or the Post Graduate Diploma in Accountancy (1 year). After gaining the required theoretical knowledge at Stellenbosch, students have to enter into a 3 year contract with a registered auditing firm or other registered training organisation in commerce and industry to gain the required practical experience. In the first year of their internship, students are allowed to write Part I of the Qualifying Examination (QE). Passing the Part I of the QE allows a student to complete a specialism course in either Auditing or Financial Management (not offered by the University of Stellenbosch) and, after completing 18 months of internship, is eligible to write Part II of the QE. A student who complies with all these requirements and has completed his/her 3 years of internship, is allowed to register as a Chartered Accountant (South Africa). 1.Once you pass out your Class 10th examinations from a school which is recognized by the central government you need to Enrol with the Institute for Common Proficiency Test. 2. After completing the Class 12 ie Senior Secondary Examinations the student should appear for Common Proficiency Test which is held twice a year ie june december though the exam dates keep changing. 3. Join PCC, articled training with a certified Chartered Accountant and register for a 100 Hours Information Technology Training[ITT] with listed institutes like NIIT, Aptech etc after passing CPT 10+2 Exams. . The Student should complete the 100 Hours ITT Course within 3 months of time which is generally a 25days program based on 4 hours/day schedule with the computer institute and its useful for learning computer based auditing and related computer course. 5. Next the CA Student has to appear for PCE Exam[Professional Competence Examination] if he has worked as a article clerk with a CA for a period of 15 months minimum 3months prior to the exam month and also has to have completed the 100 Hours computer training course.Note that 8 months of audit training is equally treated as 6 months of articled training as per the requirement. 6. Next the student has to join the CA Final course after passing the above mentioned PCE and while registering collect study materials and start the preperation for final CA Exams. He should also complete General Management and Communication Skills Course during the last 12 months of articled trianing and should also have completed 3. 5 years articled training. 7. Appear for the final CA Exam when the practical training is completed.Pass the final exam and complete the General Management and Communication Skills Course[GMCS] After the completion of all the above mentioned steps , the student would be called Associate Chartered Accountant[ACA] because he is in the starting stage and after professional experiance he would become Fellows Chartered Accountant[FCA] after which he is eligible to hold a certificate for public practice Salary -Rs 368,845 – Rs 829,981 Bonus- Rs 24,577 – Rs 101,843 Profit Sharing- Rs 17,000 – Rs 100,671 Commission- Rs 9,826 – Rs 9 7,211 How to cite Chartered Accountant, Papers

Censorship In Music Essay Example For Students

Censorship In Music Essay Censorship in music is a topic that has brought about much controversy in the past two decades. There have been many different arguments on the topic, however the question still remains as if it should be censored or it should not be censored. Before you can form an opinion on this, you must hear both sides of the argument on this much-debated topic. Some people believe that music should be censored so all audiences can hear it without it containing any controversial lyrics. Others believe it should not be censored and musical artists should be able to speak, sing, rap, or rhyme freely without anyone censoring them. Whether a person finds a work obscene depends largely on his or her moral or religious beliefs. These views change with each generation and further complicate the censorship dilemma. (Censorship by, Bradley Steffens page 97) The quote above is very true. Religious or moral beliefs have a great influence on how a person feels about censorship, and as generations pass on th e common beliefs on it may change. Right now, America is more uncensored than ever. However, things were very different a few generations ago. We will write a custom essay on Censorship In Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Some people believe music should be censored. They believe some of the language musical artists use is vulgar, obscene, and crude. Also the fact that music is played on medias such as radio and television, which are free to listen to by all audiences, and there are many parents that would not wish for their kids to hear foul language. So on radio and televison any controversial language is either silenced, edited out by a soft sound, or some artists make two versions of their songs; one that is made for the artists album, which is uncensored; and one for televsion and radio with any controversial words change to be acceptable for all audiences. This does not include cable television, which can be audited by parents since the parents must order and pay for the channel to be viewed. Preventing or punishing speechis a clear violation of the First Amendment.(Censorship. Opposing Viewpoints by, Greehaven Press page 147). This quote here is the battle cry of many anti-censorship groups. Wh en you really think about it, it is a violation of the First Amendment, which says: Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press. The First Amendment guarantees the right to freedom of speech, and censorship is violating peoples rights to say whatever they want to say. It is sometimes difficult to understand when a child gets punished for using foul language meanwhile the childs parents have the right to critiscize and petition the government whenever they feel the need to do so. Many musical artists feel that when they are forced to change lyrics their rights are being violated. In some artists songs they like to express their feelings towards somebody or something, and it hurts them to be censored because the new words implemented are not from his or her heart. They feel that they are being held down. Due to the amendment made by our founding fathers I do not believe there will ever be an answer to the question whether or not music should be censored. The way I see it, it should not be censored. Many children often hear explicit language from older siblings or parents at an early age. They believe that since someone they look up to uses those words, they should too. Eventually, everyone will be exposed to language they do not find acceptable. Foul language is not permitted on medias such as television or radio because it is an all audience media. However, on albums the artist is allowed to use any words he or she sees fit. The vexing question, of course, is, Who should decide what you read or view- the church, the stateor you? (War of Words: The Censorship Debate by George Beahm page xiii) In my opinion, the answer to that question is: you. Censorship on television channels such as Nickelodeon , or PBS is understandable due to the fact that mostly young children programming is bro adcasted on those stations. However I find it unnecessary to censor stations generally viewed by older audiences. It is now a requirement by law for record companies to put stickers on tapes and compact discs that say: Parental Advisory. Explicit Lyrics. The reason that law was passed was because many angry mothers and fathers sued artists and/or record companies for releasing albums that contained explicit lyrics, and now their child goes and repeats their newly learned words to people such as their teachers, principals, and other friends who then spread word around to their parents. I would tend to believe that many of those parents used those same bad words in front of their children at one time or another. They probably did not say it to their face, but the fact still remains that the child heard his or her parents say those words, thus the child assumes it is normal to say that word. Many parents also complain that the art on music albums covers and insides. They argue saying t hat too is vulgar and should not be allowed. I believe music should not be censored due to our First Amendment right. When a parent hears foul language on their childs stero or television, they should not complain to the network or record company, they should complain to themselves. The government is doing all they legally can to protect the childrens young ears from the foul language that is out there. If a parent hears their child listening to foul language, they should not complain to anyone but themselves. If they do not wish for their child to hear foul language they should have supervised their children more closely. If they take their child to a record store and buy them a new tape or c.d., the parent should have listened to the music by him or herself and scan for anything questionable. If they dont like the content, they can always return it to the store. This way they can be positive that their child is listening to music that is acceptable in their eyes. In conclusion, ce nsorship in music is wrong in my opinion. Artists should be allowed to say whatever they want. That is what our founding fathers based this country uopn: freedom. The government is doing an excellent job in making the First Amendment suitable for all. If parents have a problem with it, it is because they did not properly supervise their children. .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e , .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e .postImageUrl , .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e , .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e:hover , .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e:visited , .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e:active { border:0!important; } .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e:active , .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34642f9a859d0f120284b06a357c0b3e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Juliet Capulet EssayBibliographyBeahm, George. War of Words, Ed. George Beahm. Kansas City, MO 1993Greenhaven Press. Censorship. Opposing Viewpoints, Ed. Lisa Orr. San Diego, CASteffens, Bradley. Censorship. Ed. Lucent Books

Lupercalia the Ancient Origin of Valentines Day Essay Example

Lupercalia the Ancient Origin of Valentines Day Essay Valentines Day and February equal love and romance. In Ancient Rome, this time of year had similar connotations, but they were celebrated very differently. In modern times, the month of February and St. Valentines Day has come to symbolize love and romance, and has been celebrated in this gentile way since the days of courtship and wooing of the Middle Ages. But the origin of February can be connected with love and fertility by be tracking back to the roots of ancient Roman festival of Lupercalia, a fertility celebration celebrated on February 15. The Lupercalia festival was celebrate to honor Lupercus, a god of fertility and farming, and it was celebrated with annual sacrifices and feasts. One of the aims of the festival was to purify the land and the young women of child-bearing age. During the Lupercalia, two priests, called lupercis, sacrificed two male goats and a dog at the sacred cave where Romulus and Remus were supposedly nursed by the she-wolf. After a feast, the young men dressed in nothing but a belt with goats skins, running through the city streets, whipping people (mostly young girls and women) with thongs cut from the sacrificial goat skins. We will write a custom essay sample on Lupercalia the Ancient Origin of Valentines Day specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lupercalia the Ancient Origin of Valentines Day specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lupercalia the Ancient Origin of Valentines Day specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This act was thought to purify the girls, ensure their fertility, and lessen the pain of childbirth. Names were also drawn from an urn to pair up young men and women as part of the festivities. This was intended to lead to marriages and children. February occurred later in the ancient Roman calendar than it does today so Lupercalia was held in the spring and regarded as a festival of purification and fertility. It is implied that purification is how the month of February gets its name (February comes from the latin Februare meaning to purify). The Lupercalia occasion was happy and festive. Another unique custom of Feast of Lupercalia was the pairing of young boys and girls who otherwise lived a strictly separated lives. During the evening, all the young marriageable girls used to place a chit of their name in a big urn. Each young man used to draw out a name of a girl from the urn and became paired with that girl for the rest of the year. Quite often, the paired couple would fall in love and marry. As Christianity began to slowly take over the pagan pantheons, it frequently replaced the festivals of the pagan gods with more Christianity celebrations. It was easier to convert the local population if they could continue to celebrate on the same days, the only difference was they would just be instructed to celebrate different people and ideologies. Lupercalia, with its lover lottery, had no place in the new Christian order. In the year 496 AD, Pope Gelasius did away with the festival of Lupercalia, citing that it was pagan and immoral. He chose Valentine as the patron saint of lovers, who would be honored at the new festival on the 14th of every February. The church decided to come up with its own lottery and so the feast of St. Valentine featured a lottery of Saints. After learning the true origin of Valentine’s day, I began to see that many of the gentile ways we show love and romance also goes back to Ancient Rome. Every February 14 since 496 A. D people across the United States and in other places around the world, chocolate, flowers and gifts are exchanged between loved ones, all in the name of St. Valentine. However, after learning about the Lupercalia festival of Ancient Rome, I can see how it all influenced to our modern day Valentine’s Day. In most cases on Valentine’s Day, the male is the one that chooses a Valentine and approaches her with a gift of flowers or chocolate, just as in the Lupercalia festival the male approaches the female with a whipping of goat skin. To modern day society the whipping of goat skin is seen as a wrongdoing. However,women would gladly received the whipping, as they believed that the touch of the goatskin would render them fruitful and bring easy childbirth. It is important to understand that each religion and culture has its own ways of â€Å"seeing† things. Love is one of the main concerns that each religion sees differently. Ancient Romans saw love through their festival of Lupercalia that contributed to mating, fertilizing, and uniting a man and a woman. Our modern day, Christianized society sees love through celebrations of Valentine’s day and the affectionate ways of buying gifts such as flowers and chocolate. I do not believe that either religion is right or wrong with their celebrations and festivals. In my opinion, each religion should have its own unique celebration of love and romance.

Public Involvement and Community Development in Australia

Public Involvement and Community Development in Australia Introduction Democracy is the system of government which is favored and held in high esteem by most countries in the 21st century. This system is characterized by fair and equal treatment for all members of the society and the right of every person to take part in decision making. Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Public Involvement and Community Development in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite these lofty standards which are synonymous with democracy, it does not always result in everyone’s voice being heard. Instead, democracy is concerned more with achieving the common good at the expense of promoting the private good of each citizen (Young, 1997). While this approach may work in a homogenous society, it is detrimental in societies which have minority groups. This is because in direct democracy there are no political representatives who are used to make decision for their people. This paper will argue that deliberative democracy, which entails the involvement of the community in public affairs, is the most appropriate model and it results in community development. The paper will reinforce this assertion by critically reflecting two arguments presented in the article â€Å"Communication and the other: beyond Deliberative Democracy† by Young and â€Å"Local Cross-cultural planning and decision-making with indigenous people in Broome, Western Australia† by Kliger and Cosgrove. The Aboriginal Issue Kliger and Cosgrove (1999) highlight the situation of the Indigenous population of Australia. This people make up 2.4% of the Australian population, according to the 2006 Census, and face incredible social disadvantage with about two-thirds living in areas that are classified as rural. Debates are ongoing concerning land issues which white settlers from Britain annexed and subsequently assumed dominance over while ignoring the Aboriginal laws. The Ab original people were therefore sidelined in the decision making of their country but also lost their land due to the legal laws that were formulated by the government. Cultural difference especially towards the Aboriginal resulted in this people being termed as difficult people which resulted in discrimination (Kliger Cosgrove, 1999).Advertising Looking for critical writing on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Direct Democracy and the Aboriginal To most people, the ideals of democracy are symbolized by parliament where elected members go and hold debates that supposedly represent the views of the common citizen. Young (1997, p.63) asserts that parliamentary debates or arguments in court are not simply free and open public forums in which all people actually have the right to express claims and give reasons according to their own understanding. In direct democracy, once the government makes deci sions it rarely considers the different racial, cultural and other factors of the citizens. Kliger and Cosgrove (1999) reveals that while the state had developed welfare and service provision programmes for the Aboriginal and Torres, these indigenous people seldom participate in the development and implementation of the same. The government may therefore offend its citizens who perceive justice not followed and feel oppressed. Young (1997) proposes that democracy must involve listening to the opinion of people from a diverse cultural, racial and social background and recognizing the validity of the points they make. Direct democracy has failed to achieve the desired results in the case of the Aboriginal. Kliger and Cosgrove (1999) state that the Federal government, through the Shire of Broome, made little recognition of the Aboriginal. While there are forums in which the Aboriginal are asked to attend, they are not given a chance to voice their concerns. The hierarchical communica tion the government uses through representative on the Shire council only send paper to the Rubibi Working Group for them to see the they have already discussed as the Shire. The Aboriginal were therefore marginalized and disempowered. The choice of model used can work for the detrimental of a community almost facing it off despite them being the native of the land due to the injustice they have faced. Deliberative Democracy Applied to the Aboriginal Young (1997) defines deliberative democracy as discursive or communicative democracy and in it, the public is core to the decision making process.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Public Involvement and Community Development in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The model borrows from direct and representative democracies and the system does not consist of voting; instead, it makes use of deliberation to form, endorse and implement the laws. Kliger and Cosgrove (1999) also reveal that there is a difference of deliberative democracy model and democracy where the decision making process relies on the discussions and exchanges between people. This thought is corroborated by Young (1997) who reveals that in deliberative democracy the participants of law making are free for they are not bound by any prior requirements, norms or authority. They hence act on the decisions they make and also state why they gave a certain proposal (Kahane, 2010). Their proposals are either endorsed or rejected due to the reasons given for reaching to a particular decision. Young (1997) states that one of the virtues of the deliberative model of democracy is it promotes a conception of reason over power in politics. The success of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) is attributed to the fact that it considers the needs, aspirations and requirements of the Aboriginal People of the Shire of Broome in relation to town planning and development (Kliger Cosgrove, 1999, p.54). Through this model, the Aboriginal can express their point of view in a forum where their view is respected. The success of the development plans is therefore greater since it involves the members of the community. Deliberative democracy results in all members of the constituency having a voice. Kliger and Cosgrove (1999) reveal that while Australia is a democracy, the local government while elected through the democratic process operations in a highly constrained manner and does not represent all the constituents. Having a voice in the affairs of the community is of huge significance since social conditions also impact the physical well being of communities. Gray and Saggers (2003) asserts that Poor Aboriginal mental health and risky health behaviors are not simply the fault of individuals. Advertising Looking for critical writing on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The authors declare that here is a link between health and social wellbeing of indigenous populations. It is therefore of great importance for the Aboriginal people to perceive the government as both fair and just. Justice can only come about from a democracy model that encourages collective decision-making. Young (1997) states that in most formal situations, the better educated people have a greater say over the less educated parties. Government and court debates do not allow for public forums for people to air their reasoning for the good of all in the community. Their method of argument is agonistic and not an open reciprocal acknowledgment of the public’s point of view. This is contrasted by the deliberative model where participants do not have to be formal or follow a particular hierarchical order but anyone can take part. They come to a conclusion after deliberating and reaching a consensus. Deliberative democracy thus allows for individual citizens to collectively sp eak about their problems, morals, actions and goals without competing endorsing individual ideas. The community gets a chance to reason together and thus distinguish the bad ideas from the good ones. Discussion From this paper, it is clear that while public involvement does not necessary mean that everyone will be involved in the decision making process, the opinions of the â€Å"common citizen† are taken into consideration. Public involvement and development of a community go hand in hand (Fishkin Laslett, 2003). The more engaged the community is in the formulation and implementation of developmental and laws. Kliger and Cosgrove (1999) demonstrate that the success by the RMIT is because it involved the Aboriginal people in the planning and development efforts. As such, development and success can best be achieved though a democratic process that involves all members of the community. Conclusion This paper set out to argue that public involvement is a necessary for any sust ainable community development to take place. The paper in particular discussed the deliberative democracy model with the Aboriginal people in mind. It has been stated that direct democracy has some major setbacks since it fails to consider the needs and views of some members of the community. Deliberative democracy on the other hand removes this obstacle by involving a wider range of people in the decision making process. From the arguments presented in this paper, it is clear that the deliberative model of democracy is not only desirable in Australia, but is the only way that justice can be served to the Aboriginal people. References Fishkin, J.S. Laslett, P. (2003). Debating Deliberative Democracy Philosophy, Politics and Society. Wiley-Blackwell. Gray, D. Saggers, S. (2003). â€Å"Substance Misuse in N. Thomson (ed) The Health of Indigenous Australians†. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Kahane, J.D. (2010). Deliberative Democracy in Practice. UBC Press. Kliger, B. Cosgrove, L. (1999). â€Å"Local Cross-Cultural Planning and Decision-Making with Indigenous People in Broome, Western Australia†. Ecumene, Vol. 6, no.1. pp.51-71. Young, I.M. (1997). Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy, and Policy. U.K.: Princeton University Press.

The Othello Essay †Timeless Topics. BestEssay.education

The Othello Essay – Timeless Topics The Othello Essay Wow. Shakespeare took on a lot in this play – jealousy, envy, racism, and deceit. It is often considered one of Shakespeare’s â€Å"lesser plays,† if there can really be such a thing, and it is usually not studied unless a student takes a specific course on the playwright, but the beauty of writing an Othello essay is that the topics are just so timely today. A Tough Plot to Follow While the plot itself is pretty clear cut, what makes Othello a bit difficult is keeping all of the â€Å"players† in this tale of treachery and deceit straight. You may need to read it a couple of times and take some notes to keep track. But here are some key points in the plot that you need to remember: Othello is not the usual Italian hero. He is a Muslim living in a society of white Catholics, and his only claim to fame is his prowess as a military strategist and victor. He wants acceptance by this society, and the only way to get that is to keep being victorious in battle and, of course, to marry Desdemona, a white. This, he believes, will bring him the stature that he needs and make him a part of Italian society. There are forces working against him, however, in the name of Roderigo, who loves Desdemona and will do anything to make the marriage fail. He and his co-conspirator Lago concoct a plot to convince Othello that his wife is unfaithful, knowing that the proud military man will not stand for it. And there is a second benefit to all of this. By painting Cassio, one of Roderigo’s enemies, as the lover, they can get rid of him too. Othello jealousy will certainly mean that Cassio will be killed. Against this backdrop, Othello is left without a battle to fight and so has lost his value to Italy. All of the characters have travelled to Cyprus to fight invaders who never come. So there sits Othello, no battle and only time to â€Å"stew† on the rumors and mounting evidence that his wife is being unfaithful. In the end, as the truth unfolds, Othello has lost his reputation and his wife both, and the only option is suicide. Essay Questions That Will Provide Topics Essays on Themes: Shakespeare’s themes are always timeless, and Othello is no exception. Where, in all of history, has there not been jealousy, deceit, racism, and isolation? Here are some possible essay topics: Does Othello have a single fatal flaw or more than one? Certainly, jealousy is one, but is there also envy? Is he longing to be a part of a society that only accepts him because of his military stature? Maybe his flaw is that he wants too much to â€Å"belong.† Without purpose, Othello feels isolated and alone. His â€Å"cheating† wife only adds to this. How does his sense of isolation contribute to the tragic events? Who are the â€Å"racists† in the play? Does Desdemona represent the person who has truly risen above racism? Othello Essays of Characterization A great analysis essay could be written about any number of this play’s characters, for they mirror people who have existed for all time. Here are some potential topics for you: Analyze Emilia’s character. Is she an opportunist with no moral principles? How does she change in the end? Is Lago an opportunist or a racist? Or both? What motivates him to take part in the treacherous deceit to bring Othello down? If Desdemona has a flaw, what is it? Is she a woman ahead of her time? In what way? Once you have read Othello, you may indeed find that you like it better than some of Shakespeare’s more touted plays. One of the reasons for this is that he addresses some really important issues that must be faced in our own time – the struggles for minorities in a society for acceptance and opportunity and the value we place on humans based upon their achievements, sometimes at the cost of who they are. The bottom line is this, however: if you need to write that Othello essay, you have plenty of possible toics! Othello, William Shakespeare’s lesser known tragedy, deals with some pretty hefty themes, certainly for the times in which he wrote. Many consider it a very early treatment of race relations and the struggle for minorities to find acceptance in a white-dominated society. However, you see it, there are plenty of topics for some great essays here.

Islamic peace and war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Islamic peace and war - Essay Example Thesis statement: The Islamic point of view on peace is based on restoration of peace, and war is based on internal insurgencies and external aggressions, not on religious motivation to fulfill selfish motives or to create an Islamic world. The Islamic point of view on peace is based on morality, cooperation, and common goodness. Besides, an Islamic state is responsible to disregard differences and to propagate freedom and peaceful co-existence. John Kelsay stated that, â€Å"In its broadest sense, the Islamic view of peace, like its western counterpart, is in fact part of a theory of statecraft founded on notions of God, of humanity, and of the relations between the two† (30). On the other side, diversity is one of the core aspects of peace in Islam. One can see that peaceful co-existence cannot be implemented without the help of a strong central authority. At the same time, human life is considered as sacred in Islamic point of view. Besides, killing one self (suicide) and killing others is not the proper way to attain salvation. To be specific, human beings must show willingness to follow the rules and regulations in a society. One can see that strict implementation of laws and regulations can maintain peace and security in a society. For instance, the low rate of criminal activities in the Middle Eastern Islamic states proves the same. Within this scenario, the criminals are aware of the fact that their instinct to commit crime will attract strict punishment from the authorities. Still, the strict implementation of laws and regulations cannot be considered as attempt to neglect individual liberty because common welfare and peace is important. Besides, Islam propagates peace, disregarding any sort of difference based on caste, sex, or racial identity. So, the Islamic point of view on peace is based on Islamic teachings, and the strict maintenance of laws and regulations in a society, by providing importance to